1.
Historical Outline
(i.) Introduction. For many years after the establishment
of colonies in Australia, there was no military training of the general
body of citizens, nor even of a selection from out that body, as is the
case today. Military needs up to 1870, viz., for fifteen years after the
grant of responsible government, were met by detachments of Imperial
troops. Colonists, however, had not left out of consideration the need
for an efficient system of self-defence, and the early establishment of
volunteer forces in times of emergency and stress, have now found
fruition under the Commonwealth, since the aim of Australians is to make
the continent self-contained in the matter of defence.
(ii.) New South Wales. Until the year 1870 the main defence of Australia
consisted of the
garrisons of British troops quartered in the leading cities. In the
convict days the Imperial soldiery was maintained principally as a
convict guard, and for policing the penal settlements. In 1801 a corps
of volunteers, designated the "Loyal Association," was formed,
in response to an invitation from the Governor, from among the settlers
and the civil officials, to meet any French attack upon the colonies,
the possibility of which was suggested by the frequent rumours of war
between France and England. The members of the association were
generally victualled at the public cost.
In 1808, the strength of the New South Wales corps being then 569 of all
ranks, news reached the colony that war had been declared. The Governor
summoned the inhabitants to a muster, and a defence corps, for service
in case of invasion, was raised.
The period of the Napoleonic wars was one of alertness in the colony,
but with the cessation of hostilities, the active service of the
volunteers seems to have come to an end. In 1854, the year of the
Russian war, a volunteer force was enrolled in Sydney, under the
authority of the Act 18 Vict. No. 8. This corps consisted originally of
one troop of cavalry, one battery of artillery, and six companies of
foot, called the 1st Regiment of New South Wales Rifles; but with the
termination of the Crimean war, the volunteers practically ceased to
exist.
A second force was enrolled in 1860, consisting of one troop of
mounted rifles, three batteries of artillery, and twenty companies of
infantry, with a total strength of 1700. In 1862 the Mounted Rifles gave
place to more artillery. In 1868 the military force was reorganised
under the Volunteer Regulation Act of 1867, a grant of 50 acres of land
being given for five years' efficient service. Under this enactment a
large force was maintained. 1870 saw the withdrawal of the Imperial
troops. "Regular" troops were not immediately raised, and for
some months the responsibility for home defence rested upon the
volunteers.
In 1870 a regular defence force was enrolled, comprising one
battery of artillery and two companies of infantry. In the following
year the latter were disbanded. In 1874 the land orders for volunteers
were abolished, and a direct system of "partial payment"
introduced. In 1876 the "permanent" artillery was strengthened
by a second battery, and in the following year by a third. 1877 saw the
augmentation of the Engineers' Corps, established as a
"volunteer" body 10 years earlier, by a torpedo and signalling
corps; in 1890 a second field company was added. In 1878 a further
reorganisation of the volunteers took place. In 1881 the Commissariat
and Transport Corps was raised, designated Army Service Corps later.
The
Act of 1867, as amended in 1878, continued in force till the transfer of
the troops to the Commonwealth. A corps of naval artillery volunteers
was raised in 1882, and was followed a few years later by numerous
bodies of military reserves, of all the principal arms; but all these
"volunteers" were gradually disbanded, or merged in the
"partially-paid" forces.
The cavalry regiment, known as the N.S.W. Lancers, was first raised in
1885 as a volunteer reserve corps, under the name of the Light Horse;
but in 1888 the men were merged in the "partially-paid"
troops, under their present designation. They provided their own horses
and equipment - uniform and arms being supplied by the Government.
Unlike the Lancers, the Mounted Rifles were directly enrolled in 1889 as
a "partially paid" body, and were strengthened by the
inclusion of a large part of the Light Horse.
An unpaid reserve of four
batteries of field and garrison artillery was raised in 1885, but two of
these were disbanded in 1892, and the others merged in the
"partially-paid" force forming a second field battery. Unpaid
infantry reserves were also raised in 1885. These were gradually
weakened, and many of the men were formed into reserve rifle companies,
the remainder in 1892 being absorbed by the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th
regiments, whose establishments were at the same time raised from eight
to ten companies. At the end of the same year the rifle companies were
disbanded, and civilian rifle clubs formed.
The "permanent" force was extended in 1888 to include corps of
submarine miners and mounted infantry; but the latter ceased to exist in
1890, and a fourth battery was added to the artillery, while in the
following year a "permanent" medical staff corps evolved out
of the "volunteer" army medical corps, which had been raised
in 1888.
In 1892 the "partially-paid" infantry absorbed many members of
the older infantry reserves. Two years later, it was further
strengthened by the absorption of the senior cadets from the public
schools. Improvement in organisation and administration were further
developed in 1895 - 6, by the addition of an Army Service Corps and
Ordnance Store Corps and a Veterinary department to the establishments,
and by the elaboration of arrangements necessary to mobilisation for
war.
"Volunteers" were again instituted in 1895. The Scottish
Rifles, followed by the Irish, the St. George's, and the Australian
Rifles, were raised. In 1897 the First Australian Volunteer Horse and
the Railway Volunteer Corps were added, as also was a "National
Guard," consisting of old volunteers and men who had seen service.
In 1899 the Defence Force Rifle Association was incorporated under
regulations approved by the Government. In the same year the Railway
Corps was disbanded, and in 1900 the Aus Australian Horse came under the
"partially-paid" system. The volunteer forces were
strengthened during that year by the addition of the Canterbury Mounted
Rifles, Civil Service Corps, and Drummoyne Volunteer Company. The Army
Nursing Service Reserve was also established in connection with the Army
Medical Corps. It consisted of 26 nursing sisters possessing the highest
nursing qualifications and training.
The actual strength of the military forces of New South Wales on 31st
December, 1900, was 505 officers and 8833 men, made up as shown in table
hereinafter.
In addition, there were on the same date a reserve with 130 officers and
1908 of other ranks, and civilian rifle clubs with 1906 members.
(iii.) Victoria.
Soon after separation from New South Wales the war between Russia
and the allied forces of England, France, and Turkey led to the
formation, in 1854, under the authority of an Act for volunteer corps in
Victoria (18 Vict., No. 7) of the Melbourne Volunteer Rifle Regiment,
later known as the Victorian Volunteer Artillery Regiment, with an
establishment of 2000 men. In 1860 the volunteers in the colony took
over the garrison duties of the Imperial troops, who were ordered to New
Zealand, the actual strength in the year named being 4002.
Reorganisation was effected in 1863, and two ears later the Volunteer
Act (28 Vict., No. 266) authorised the raising of a force comprising
various arms of the service. On the withdrawal of the detachment of
Imperial troops formerly stationed in the colony, the Discipline Act
1870 (34 Vict., No. 389) was enacted, instituting a paid artillery
corps. If otherwise eligible, the men of this corps were drafted into
the Police and Penal Departments as vacancies arose. In the first four
years of the system 190 artillerymen were transferred to the civil
branch. From the establishment of the "permanent" force the
whole expenditure on military services has been borne by the State.
The "volunteer" force, as originally constituted, comprised
cavalry, artillery, engineers, and infantry, with a torpedo and signal
corps. At the end of 1871 the "permanent" artillery numbered
119 of all ranks, one only holding a commission. The volunteers and
naval brigade consisted of 136 officers and 3663 other ranks, a total of
3799.
The years ensuing saw steady development in military matters. The
permanent forces were at all times kept in a high state of efficiency,
and the volunteers strove to emulate them in matters of training and
discipline. The establishment of both the professional and civil
soldiery was gradually increased. Buildings and fortifications were
constructed and maintained, garrison and field guns and guns of position
were purchased and made available, and the dismounted services were
armed with rifles.
In 1876 effect was given to many of the recommendations of a Royal
Commission appointed in 1875. Sea and coast defence began to be
undertaken, and regular drills and camps of exercise for all arms were
instituted shortly afterwards. In the year named the strength of the
forces was 3736 of all ranks, including 136 permanent artillery.
Still greater changes in the system of Victorian defence were made in
1883 and 1884. The volunteer force was disbanded, and corps of paid
"militia" were raised in lieu and enrolled under the
Discipline Act 1883 (47 Vict., No. 777), which came into operation on
3rd December of that year. A large number of the volunteers were drafted
into the paid militia, and granted continuity of service. A Ministry of
Defence was constituted and a Council of Defence created, a special
appropriation of 110,000 pounds a year for five years being made.
Officers from the active list of the Imperial navy and army were engaged
for terms of service in the colonial forces to carry out the necessary
discipline and instruction. The naval force was also considerably
augmented. In 1887 the strength was 4189 of all ranks, including 268
permanent soldiers.
In 1890 the laws relating to defences and discipline were consolidated
under the Defences and Discipline Act 1890 (54 Vict., No. 1083). This
Act formed the principal law under which the forces were maintained
until the enactment of the Defence Act 1903 by the Federal Parliament. A
further appropriation of 145,000 pounds was, on the expiration of the
previous one, provided for naval and military purposes for two and
a-half years, viz., from 1st July, 1899, to 31st December, 1901.
The
engaging of officers from the Imperial navy and army for terms of
service was continued. Colonial officers were sent to England for
special courses of instruction, and a scheme was arranged, with the
consent of Home authorities, for sending selected officers of both arms
of the defence force for courses of instruction in the Imperial service.
The Admiralty gave permission for officers of the colonial navy to serve
on board H.M. ships on the station, granting acting commissions so as to
enable them to undertake responsible duties. The total defence
establishment for 1891-2, fixed at 7,360 was reduced in 1895 to 4901,
but again increased in 1899 to 5,885.
Rifle clubs were established in 1833 for the encouragement of rifle
practice. Members were allowed to obtain rifles and ammunition at
reduced rates, and were given free railway travelling for rifle practice
and matches. Shortly after inauguration, the clubs were divided into six
districts, and members in each district were required to meet once a
quarter for practice in field firing. An annual allowance was made to
the clubs for each effective marksman, the money being devoted to the
maintenance of ranges and purchase of ammunition.
The regiment of Mounted Rifles was established in all the districts of
Victoria. To cover the cost of uniform, and for incidental expenses, an
effective and capitulation allowance was made, and a small payment was
granted by way of compensation for attendance at the annual camps
of training; otherwise the corps was a "volunteer" one.
Certain articles of equipment were furnished by the Government, recruits
on being passed into the ranks getting rifles, accoutrements, and
horse-gear (except saddle) free. A minimum of twelve daylight drills
annually, and a course of musketry, was prescribed for all members, and
engagement was for three years with privilege of re-engagement.
An infantry volunteer regiment (the Victorian Rangers) was also raised
in extra metropolitan places. Effective and capitulation allowance, and
compensation for loss of time by reason of attendance at camp, were
granted also to the Rangers.
The outcome of the encouragement of drill and rifle-shooting in the
schools was the formation, in the year 1884, of Cadet Corps. These were
authorised in any school in detachments of not less than twenty. The
Government supplied rifles (principally Prancotte breech-loaders) and
provided ammunition at reduced rates. Corps were raised in all districts
in the larger schools. Instructors of the militia and volunteers were
permitted, in their spare time, to drill the cadets, payment of 2s. 6d.
being allowed for each parade. Annual camps, largely attended, were held
generally in the spring. In Melbourne, and in the principal inland
towns, classes for instruction of cadet officers were conducted, which
were regularly availed of by masters and teachers.
To form a link between the school cadets and the militia a battalion of
Senior Cadets was established, and consisted chiefly of boys who had
left school and engaged in regular occupations in life. All the work was
voluntary, and arms and accoutrements were supplied by the Government.
An effective allowance was made to assist the boys in the purchase of
clothing.
The depression and consequent retrenchment in the last decade of the
nineteenth century seriously affected the Defence Department, but
efficiency was never sacrificed.
The strength of the Victorian Defence Force on the eve of Federation was
as follows:
- Officers, 301; other ranks, 6034; the details being as shown in table
hereinafter.
(iv.) Queensland.
Steps were almost immediately taken,
upon the separation of the Colony of Queensland from New South Wales in
1859, to provide for defence. A troop of mounted rifles was raised in
March, 1860. The service was voluntary and the force quickly increased,
infantry and cavalry, subsequently supplemented by artillery, being
formed of "volunteers." Grants for efficiency and a
capitulation allowance, with free issue of ammunition, were obtained
from the Government; and orders granting fifty acres of land were
available upon completion of five consecutive years of service. In 1876
the total strength was 415. The Volunteer Act of 1878 provided for the
raising a force for defence, and many citizens entered upon useful and
regular training. In 1880 the total strength was 1219 of all ranks.
But the volunteer system here, as elsewhere in Australia, was
superseded. In 1883, a Military Committee of Inquiry, appointed to
consider the basis of service, reported against the system as lacking in
cohesion and discipline, and in 1884 the Volunteer Act was repealed. All
male inhabitants within specified ages, and with certain exceptions,
were liable to serve. A small permanent corps was authorised, and the
formation of partially-paid militia and volunteer corps was provided
for. Under the new system the force was greatly augmented, and a higher
degree of efficiency was reached. Subsequent legislation crystallised
the defence system of the colony. The total strength on 31st December,
1900, was 4028, made up as shown in table hereinafter.
(v.) South Australia.
The
first attempt at military organisation in Adelaide dates back to 1854,
when a Militia Act authorised the Governor to call out a force of 2000
men between 16 and 46 years of age. The power however, was not
exercised. The Acts of 1859 and 1860 provided for the establishment of
volunteer forces, but in 1865 all previous Acts were repealed, and under
a new enactment the calling out of not fewer than 540 and not more than
1000 men was authorised, with pay at the rate of 5 shillings a day. In 1867 the
artillery were given a slightly higher rate. In 1877 the possibility of
war with Russia acted as a stimulus in defence matters; 1000 men were
raised under the existing legislation, and Imperial officers and drill
instructors were obtained from England for purposes of instruction,
discipline, and organisation.
A National Rifle Association was inaugurated in the following year, and
rifle companies were formed. An Act of the year authorised the formation
of a small "permanent" force, but it was only in 1882, under
an amendment of the Act of 1878 that such force, consisting of one
officer and 20 men, was raised. Three years after its formation numbers
were augmented.
In 1881 - 2, Acts were passed which allowed the paid volunteers to be
raised to a maximum of 1500, and authorised a reserve without limit of
numbers. In 1882 the force numbered 1880 - 1680 infantry and 200
artillery.
In 1886, by further legislation, the paid volunteers were styled
"militia," the rifle companies became the
"volunteer" force, and a militia reserve was also provided
for. At the end of 1889 the strength of the "permanent,"
"militia," and "volunteer" force was 2720 of all
ranks. Minor alterations were made in 1890 and 1895.
The strength on 31st December, 1900, was - officers of active and
reserve forces, 135; other ranks, 2797, made up as shown in table
hereinafter.
(vi.) Western Australia.
The first
"volunteer" force in Western Australia was raised in 1861,
under Local Ordinance 25 Vict., No. 3. By the Volunteer Force Regulation
Act 1883, the local forces were placed under the military law of Great
Britain in time of war, but with certain reservations. In 1889 the
"volunteer" force numbered 603 of all ranks. In 1890 an
increase in establishment to 712 was made. It consisted then of eight
corps, of which two were field artillery and six were infantry. Attached
to two of the infantry corps were 60 mounted infantrymen. For each
efficient volunteer, a capitulation grant of £1 lOs. per annum was
made. To attain efficiency, a volunteer had to attend 12 parades in the
year, and complete a musketry course.
Other "volunteer" corps were formed under the provisions of an
Act of 1894, and a small unit of "permanent" artillery was
added. The "partially-paid" system was introduced in 1896-7.
Cadet corps were formed at Perth and Fremantle, and the establishment of
the Perth and Fremantle batteries were substantially increased.
Shortly before Federation, a "volunteer" reserve force was
formed of persons who had served in the Imperial army, navy, or
auxiliary force, or in the military forces of a colony. Six drills a
year were required of each member, and an annual allowance of
1Oshillings was
made. Membership was restricted to persons under 60 years of age.
The strength of the Western Australian forces on 31st December, 1900,
was - 135 officers and 2561 other ranks, the details being as shown in
table hereinafter.
(vii.) Tasmania.
Leaving out of consideration the presence of British military
detachments during the early days of Tasmania, no really military local
force was organised till 1859, when two batteries of
"volunteer" artillery, and twelve companies of
"volunteer" infantry were raised. In 1867 the infantry
companies were disbanded, and the artillery increased by one battery.
The withdrawal of the Imperial force in 1870, and the simultaneous
withdrawal of the volunteer vote, left the colony totally destitute of
defence. It was not till 1878 that a remedy was applied, another
"volunteer" force being enrolled in that year. In 1882 the
strength of this force was 634 of all ranks.
Active forces, of a strength not exceeding 1200 in time of peace, were
authorised under an Act of 1885, the services of existing volunteer
corps being retained.
Eight years later, an additional "auxiliary" force of a total
peace strength of 1500 was authorised.
At the end of 1896 the total strength of the Tasmanian force was 1399,
of whom 966 belonged to the "auxiliary" force, and about 200
to the Tasmanian and Launceston Rifle Regiments.
Consolidation of these three units was effected in 1898, the new corps
consisting of three battalions, forming the Tasmanian Infantry Regiment.
The strength on 31st December, 1900, was - 113 officers and 1911 of
other ranks, made up as shown in table hereinafter.
(viii.) Defence Works and
Fortifications.
Fortifications
have been erected for the defence of the principal coast cities of the
States, and, in the case particularly of Sydney and Melbourne, heavy
armaments have been erected at the port entrances and other points of
vantage. It is difficult to determine the total cost of defence works.
Large sums have been spent out of loans in each State except Western
Australia, but from 1872 to 1899 Victoria did not expend loan moneys on
defence construction.
(ix.) Fortification of
Strategic Points.
For
some time prior to 1890 the necessity of fortifying certain points on
the Australian coast, at the joint expense of the colonies, was
considered. Important trade routes are commanded by Albany, on King
George's Sound, in Western Australia, and by Thursday Island, in Torres
Strait. Hobart and Port Darwin were also regarded as strategic ports
which should be fortified. As the result of a military commission,
appointed by the Imperial and the different Australian Governments,
which visited the places named, defences were erected at King George's
Sound, one-fourth of the cost being borne by Western Australia, the
remaining three-fourths by New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, and
South Australia, on a population basis.
Equipment was supplied by the
Imperial Government, and Western Australia provided the garrison and
exercised general superintendence. Fortifications at Thursday Island
were also erected, New South Wales, Victoria, Queensland, and Western
Australia contributing to the cost of maintenance according to their
respective populations. Owing to the formation of a harbour at
Fremantle, the Imperial authorities now consider it should be the only
fortified port in Western Australia. The whole question of fortification
and rearmament is being considered by the Commonwealth Government
(x.) Summary.
The earliest settlements in Australia were
made by British officers in charge of transported convicts, in the
oversight of whom they were assisted by detachments of Imperial troops.
The forces who were sent from the centre of Government to maintain order
and discipline in the outlying parts of the Empire, were either
specially raised and enlisted for the purpose, as in the case of the New
South Wales corps or were sent to their colonial destinations in the
ordinary routine of their military service. Prior to the withdrawal of
the last British troops from Australia, attempts had been made to
organise local forces on a volunteer basis.
In 1854 an effort was made
which evinced considerable determination on the part of the colonists -
engendered, evidently, by the fear of aggression likely to result from
the Russian war. But the cessation of hostilities removed the cause for
anxiety, and the volunteer movement seems to have passed into abeyance.
Even in these early years, however, the need for a Federal system of
defence was recognised by the thinking men of the community, and at last
the federation of the Australian States - with its eminent advantages
for effective defence - was consummated.
In the sixties the Continental
wars kept before statesmen the need of preparation for war, and the fact
that in Australia the position of affairs was neither unobserved nor
misunderstood is shown by the raising - this time on a more lasting
basis - of a volunteer force. Again, too, there was a determined effort
to federalise defence, culminating in the proposals of 1870. In the year
named, the Franco-German war, and the withdrawal of the last Imperial
regiment from Australia, resulted in a definite basis for colonial
defence being settled.
Small detachments of permanent soldiery were
instituted, to act generally as a nucleus about which the citizen
soldiery should be shaped, and, generally, to look after the forts and
defence works, which had then begun to be erected. The volunteer
movement was enthusiastically taken up; many loyal colonists devoted
their leisure to drill and training. No payment was made for loss of
time, but arms and accoutrements, and sometimes uniforms, were furnished
by Government. Reward for five years' service frequently took the shape
of grants of land. In 1877 the possibility of another Russian war gave a
stimulus to the movement, and establishments were increased.
A few years
later, as the result of rumours of war, consequent upon French activity
in the New Hebrides, and of the reports of highly-qualified military
experts who were specially employed to report on the condition of the
defences, the "volunteer system" was abandoned, and the
"militia," or "partially-paid" forces were brought
into existence. The move towards federation is again noticeable, a very
important convention being held in 1881. It was held that the
"volunteer" system had failed. While many zealous men gave
their whole energies to their training, some joined apparently without
serious motive, and consequently failed to acquire those essential ideas
of discipline necessary no less in citizen than in professional
soldiery.
Citizen forces were not thereby doomed, however, for the
provision of a small annual allowance - generally £10 or £12 for the
gunner or private, with a sliding scale for higher ranks - together with
arms, accoutrements, ammunition, and all military necessities, free,
enabled the "militia" system to be inaugurated, and as it was
begun, so practically it has remained to the present day. Reductions in
the above rates of pay were found to be necessary, and the lower rates
have been continued under the Federal Government. "Volunteer"
corps have again been raised, and the "permanent" forces have
been con continued in the Public Service.
(xi.) Strength of States' Defence Forces immediately prior to
Federation.
The establishment and strength of the military
forces of the several States on 31st December, 1900, immediately prior
to federation, was as follows, cadets, reservists, and rifle club
members being excluded.
ESTABLISHMENT AND
STRENGTH OF MILITARY FORCES OF. STATES, 31ST DECEMBER, 1900.
|
State. |
Establishment.
|
Strength.
|
Officers.
|
Other Ranks.
|
Officers.
|
Other Ranks.
|
|
New
South Wales |
549
|
9,295
|
505
|
8,833
|
Victoria |
394
|
6,050
|
301
|
6,034
|
Queensland |
810
|
5,035
|
291
|
3,737
|
South
Australia |
141
|
2,847
|
135
|
2,797
|
Western
Australia |
140
|
2,553
|
135
|
2,561
|
Tasmania |
131
|
2,605
|
113
|
1,911
|
Commonwealth |
1,665
|
28,385
|
1,480
|
25,873
|
|
The strength of the various arms is shown in the following table,
permanent being distinguished from "militia," or
"partially-paid," and "volunteers": -
|
Arms |
NSW
|
Vic.
|
Qld.
|
S.A
|
WA
|
Tas.
|
Total
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
Officers
|
ORs
|
|
Permanent
Staff |
19
|
98
|
14
|
58
|
15
|
57
|
14
|
5
|
2
|
8
|
3
|
9
|
67
|
235
|
Field
and Garrison Artillery |
18
|
429
|
12
|
272
|
7
|
214
|
1
|
23
|
2
|
31
|
-
|
15
|
40
|
984
|
Engineers
and Other units |
5
|
70
|
1
|
32
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
2
|
2
|
-
|
-
|
8
|
104
|
Militia
and Volunteer - Cavalry and Mounted Rifles |
88
|
1,695
|
52
|
1,033
|
53
|
741
|
33
|
621
|
32
|
799
|
5
|
91
|
263
|
4,980
|
Field
Artillery |
10
|
121
|
14
|
277
|
13
|
138
|
4
|
101
|
12
|
174
|
-
|
-
|
53
|
811
|
Garrison
Artillery |
27
|
441
|
37
|
901
|
17
|
212
|
9
|
165
|
2
|
66
|
13
|
197
|
105
|
1,982
|
Infantry |
242
|
5,382
|
136
|
3,193
|
145
|
2,189
|
58
|
1,786
|
71
|
1,451
|
83
|
1,549
|
735
|
15,550
|
Engineers
and Other Units |
96
|
597
|
35
|
268
|
41
|
186
|
16
|
96
|
12
|
30
|
9
|
50
|
209
|
1,227
|
Total |
505
|
8,833
|
301
|
6,034
|
291
|
3,737
|
135
|
2,797
|
135
|
2,561
|
113
|
1,911
|
1,480
|
25,873
|
|
2. Land Defence of
Federated Australia
(i.)
Assumption of Control by Commonwealth.
The
Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act of 1900 empowered the
Commonwealth to legislate with respect to "the naval and military
defence of the "Commonwealth and of the several States, and the
control of the forces to execute and "maintain the laws of the
Commonwealth," and vested the command-in-chief of the Commonwealth
forces in the Governor-General, authorising him to proclaim a date,
after the establishment of the Commonwealth, for the transference of the
Defence Department from each State. This transfer was effected in March,
1901, when the State Ministry for Defence, one of the seven departments
of the Executive Council of the federation, took over the control of the
whole of the forces of the States.
(ii.)
The System of Administration.
Up to 12th January,
1905, the administration of the Commonwealth military forces was by
means of a general officer commanding and a headquarters staff. On the
date named, a Council of Defence, to deal with questions of policy, and
a Military Board, to supervise the administration of the forces, were
constituted.
- The main objects aimed at under the new system are
- (1) to
establish continuity in defence policy;
- (2) to maintain a continuous
connection between parliamentary responsibility and the control and
development of the defence forces, the Minister being in constant and
effective touch with his department;
- (3) to establish continuity of
administrative methods by the creation of a continuous board;
- (4) the
separation of administration from executive command, so as to develop
the independence of district commands, and by giving scope to
independent thought and initiative, make practicable a larger measure of
decentralisation, and, more particularly, to make possible the ultimate
development of a citizen force;
- (5) to maintain, on a uniform basis, the
efficiency of the forces, by continuous and searching inspection by, and
independent report from, an officer who, as Inspector-General, is
appointed to report upon the results of the administration of the
forces, the efficiency of the troops, the system of training, the
equipment, the preparedness for war, and the state and condition of all
defence works.
The Military system of the Commonwealth is made up of -
-
(a) Permanent forces which include
-
Administrative and Instructional Staff.
-
The Royal Administrative Artillery Regiment.
-
Small detachments of -
-
Royal Australian Engineers.
-
Australian Army Medical Corps.
-
Australian Army Service Corps.
-
(b) Citizen Forces, comprising
-
Militia Forces of all arms.
-
Volunteer Forces (infantry).
-
Reserve Forces
The Royal Australian Artillery Regiment practically provides the
garrison for certain naval strategic positions and other defended ports,
and maintains the forts, guns, stores, and equipment in connection
therewith. The other permanent detachments are to form a nucleus, each
in its own arm, for instruction and administration of the citizen
forces.
-
The forces of the Commonwealth are organised into -
-
(a) Field Force
-
(b) Garrison Troops.
STRENGTH OF MILITARY FORCES, 1901 to
1908.
|
State.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commonwealth
Headquarters |
-
|
26
|
25
|
26
|
23
|
21
|
21
|
t26
|
NSW |
9,772
|
9,350
|
8,190
|
7,285
|
7,450
|
7,641
|
7,501
|
7,665
|
Victoria |
7,011
|
6,771
|
6,070
|
5,734
|
5,858
|
6,146
|
6,235
|
6,568
|
Queensland |
4,310
|
3,199
|
2,889
|
2,830
|
2,877
|
3,011
|
2,979
|
3,176
|
South Australia |
2,956
|
2,214
|
1,911
|
1,699
|
1,842
|
1,962
|
1,888
|
1,935
|
Western Australia |
2,283
|
1,845
|
1,469
|
1,254
|
1,235
|
1,522
|
1,625
|
1,611
|
Tasmania |
2,554
|
2,199
|
1,850
|
1,052
|
1,214
|
1,645
|
1,662
|
1,650
|
Total |
28,886
|
25,604
|
22,404
|
19,880
|
20,499
|
21,948
|
21,911
|
22,631
|
|
* Date of Commonwealth taking over the
military forces from States.
Includes Headquarters Australian Intelligence Corps (Militia), numbering
3.
(iv.)
Strength of the Various Arms.
The numbers of the
different arms of the service on the 30th June, 1908, were as follows: -
ARMS OF THE COMMONWEALTH DEFENCE, 1908.
Militia Staff |
41
|
|
Army Service Corps
|
288
|
Light Horse |
5,062
|
|
Army Medical Corps
|
618
|
Field Artillery |
1,216
|
|
Army Nursing Service
|
90
|
Garrison Artillery |
2,189
|
|
Veterinary Dept.
|
12
|
Engineers |
757
|
|
Ordnance Dept.
|
151
|
Infantry |
11,568
|
|
Administrative and
Instructional Staff
|
307
|
Intelligence Corps |
11
|
|
Pay Department, Rifle Ranges,
Rifle Clubs, Officers, etc.
|
57
|
Corps of Signallers |
264
|
|
Grand Total
|
22,631
|
|
|
|
|
|
(v.)
Classification of Land Forces.
The following table shows the classification and :strength of the
land forces in each State, including rifle clubs and cadets, on the 30th
June, 1908.
|
Branch
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Permanently
employed |
23
|
504
|
413
|
261
|
63
|
69
|
46
|
1,379
|
Militia |
3
|
5,244
|
4,998
|
2,751
|
1,312
|
909
|
937
|
16,154
|
Volunteers |
-
|
1,917
|
1,157
|
164
|
560
|
633
|
667
|
5,098
|
Rifle Clubs |
-
|
12,640
|
21,775
|
6,225
|
4,186
|
4,344
|
1,205
|
50,375
|
Cadets |
-
|
8,244
|
10,231
|
4,644
|
2,428
|
2,139
|
1,505
|
29,191
|
Unattached List of
Officers |
-
|
53
|
118
|
60
|
44
|
20
|
41
|
336
|
Reserve of Officers |
-
|
168
|
124
|
104
|
32
|
12
|
13
|
453
|
Chaplains |
-
|
28
|
27
|
13
|
4
|
18
|
10
|
100
|
Grand Total |
26
|
28,798
|
38,843
|
14,222
|
8,629
|
8,144
|
4,424
|
103,086
|
|
|