First published in "Sabretache",
the Journal and Proceedings of the Military History Society of
Australia, Vol. XXXIX, No. 2, June 1998, and © 1998, M. Geoffrey
Miller
It is now eighty years since Baron
Manfred von Richthofen, Germany’s greatest WW1 fighter pilot, was shot
down and killed over the Australian lines in the Western Front in France
on 21 April 1918.
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Captain Brown, a
Canadian pilot in the Royal Flying Corps, flying a Sopwith Camel
single seat fighter, was known to have attacked von Richthofen and
he was officially credited with shooting him down, eventually
receiving a bar to his DSC for the feat.
Brown’s claim to have shot
down von Richthofen was immediately contested by the Australians
because von Richthofen had flown at a very low height directly
over their lines and had been fired on by Australian anti-aircraft
machine gunners, as well as by many Australian soldiers. |
The controversy as to who was
responsible for shooting down von Richthofen has continued over the
years. C E W Bean, the author of the Official History of Australia in
the War of 1914 to 1918, carried out considerable research into the
death and devoted an Appendix, in Volume V of the Official History,
published in 1935, to describe the circumstances in detail (1). Bean was
of the opinion that Sergeant Popkin, an Australian Vickers machine
gunner, was responsible for shooting down von Richthofen and that
Captain Brown had not fired the fatal shot.
There have been many books and
articles published since then on the subject of who was responsible for
shooting down von Richthofen. Most authors agree that it was an
Australian, but disagree as to his identity, however Markham, (2) as
late as 1993, did not consider that any Australian was responsible and
wrote an article re-attributing the death of von Richthofen to Captain
Brown.
This present paper will refer in
particular to two books. Dale Titler (3) published a book agreeing that
Australian machine gunners were responsible but considered that Gunner
Robert Buie, firing a Lewis gun, shot down the German triplane.
Carisella and Ryan (4) disagreed with Titler, and supported Bean’s
opinion that it was Sergeant Popkin who was responsible. |
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Although the various authors have
drawn different conclusions about who was responsible for Richthofen’s
death, it is apparent that all previous accounts of the postmortem
examinations made on Manfred von Richthofen have been taken from
Bean’s account in Volume V of his Official History. It must be
emphasised that Bean did not quote the reports in their entirety but
left out some of the original text of the reports. The original complete
reports are in the Richthofen section of the Bean Papers (the Bean
Papers) held in the research section of the Australian War Memorial
(AWM) in Canberra (5) and a consideration of these throws important new
light on the controversy. There is also an unpublished letter from
Popkin to Bean in the papers, clarifying an original newspaper report
about Popkin that has been used by Titler and Carisella and Ryan in
their books and by Markham in his article.
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Fokker Dr. 1, built 1917,
powered by Thulin-built Le Rhone 9J 9-cylinder air-cooled rotary
110 HP engine, weighed 1,289 lbs., max. speed of 103 MPH, max.
ceiling of 19,685 feet, 2 synchronized Spandau machine guns. Image
from http://www.acepilots.com/wwi/ger_richthofen.html |
Using these primary sources in the
Australian War Memorial, wherever possible, a critical analysis of the
postmortem examination and a reconstruction of the probable events of 21
April 1918 has been made.
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2 views (front
& rear) of a bronze of Richthofen |
The Postmortem Examination
The details of the postmortem examinations of von Richthofen’s body
are more than a little confused. Referring to the contradictory medical
examinations made on the body of von Richthofen, Newton (6), in 1986,
wrote:
The different conclusions reached in
the two medical reports were to start a controversy which, to date,
has never been unquestionably resolved. Who fired the fatal shot? Did
it come from the air or the ground?
However a careful assessment of the
documents in the Bean Papers seems to clarify the confusion.
It is accepted that Manfred von
Richthofen was flying an all red Fokker triplane when he crashed in the
Somme Valley near Corbie on the 21 April 1918. His body was taken to a
hangar belonging to the No. 3 Squadron, Australian Flying Corps at
Poulainville, where an examination of the body was held. The body was
washed by an orderly and the first superficial postmortem examination
was made by a panel of doctors. According to Bean (7), the panel
consisted of Colonel T Sinclair, consulting surgeon to the Fourth army,
Captain G C Graham, RAMC and Lieutenant G E Downs, RAMC, attached to the
Air Force. Newton, however, refers to the presence also of Colonel J A
Dixon, consulting physician to the British Fourth Army.
Colonel Sinclair’s report is in the
Richthofen file of the Bean papers at the AWM and is as follows:
Copy extract from A.H.File No.
21/13/506
In the Field
22nd April 1918
We have made a surface examination of Captain Baron von Richthofen and
find that there are only the entrance and exit wounds of one rifle
bullet on the trunk. The entrance wound is on the right side about the
level of the ninth-rib, which is fractured, just in front of the
posterior axillary line. The bullet appears to have passed obliquely
backwards through the chest striking the spinal column , from which it
glanced in a forward direction and issued on the left side of the
chest, at a level about two inches higher than its entrance on the
right and about in the anterior axillary line.
There was also a compound fracture
of the lower jaw on the left side, apparently not caused by a missile
- and also some minor bruises of the head and face.
The body was not opened - these
facts were ascertained by probing from the surface wounds.
(Sgd) Thomas Sinclair
Colonel AMS
Consulting surgeon IV Army
BEF
According to Sinclair, therefore, assuming that von Richthofen was
sitting straight in his cockpit and the aeroplane was in level flight,
the bullet must have struck him from the right side, was fired from an
angle that was slightly in front of the body and was fired from below.
Captain Graham and Lieutenant Downs
submitted a separate report on von Richthofen's death, a copy of this
was also in the Bean papers at the AWM:
“Copy extract from AH File No. 21/13/506
We examined the body of Captain Baron von Richthofen on the evening of
the 21st instant. We found that he had one entrance and one exit wound
caused by the same bullet.
The entrance wound was situated on
the right side of the chest in the posterior folf (sic) of the armpit;
the exit wound was situated at a slightly higher level near the front
of the chest , the point of exit being about half inch below the right
(sic) nipple and about three-quarter of an inch external to it. From
the nature of the exit wound we think that the bullet passed straight
through the chest from right to left, and also slightly forward . Had
the bullet been deflected from the spine the exit wound would have
been much larger.
The gun firing this bullet must have
been situated in the same plane as the long axis of the German machine
and fired from the right and slightly behind the right of Captain von
Richthofen.
We are agreed that the situation of
the entrance and exit wounds are such that they could have not have
been caused by fire from the ground.
Sgd G. C. Graham
Capt. RAMC
MO i/c 22nd Wing RAF
Sngd G. E. Downs
Lieut. RAMC.
In the Field
22/4/18
Graham and Downs referred to the exit
wound being on the right side; Bean made a note that this is likely to
be in error. If the exit wound was on the right side, it is unlikely
that such a wound would have been mortal and it is generally accepted
that Graham and Downs had made a mistake.
However there still remains the last
paragraph of their report attributing the fatal bullet to a shot from
the air, not the ground. If, as they considered, the bullet had not been
deflected by the vertebral column, then the track of the bullet must
have been laterally from below and behind the midline.
However the only
way that their statement that: “The gun firing this bullet must have
been situated in the same plane as the long axis of the German
machine” could be correct would be if von Richthofen had been twisting
his trunk almost 90 degrees to the right and looking sideways or
backwards when he was struck.
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According to Newton, a Medical Board
consisting of Colonel Barber, Major C. L Chapman, Australian Medical
Corps, Major D Blake and Captain E G Knox of No 3 Squadron , AFC,
examined the body a second time. This must be the inquiry under the
presidentship of the Director-General of the Australian Army and Air
Force Medical Services (Colonel Barber) referred to by Titler but
Titler’s account is at variance with that of Newton when he stated
that Colonel Nixon, Colonel Sinclair and Major C L Chapman were the
medical officers present.
There is no record of any report made
by this Medical Board in the Bean Papers. However, in 1935, Colonel
Barber wrote to Bean and this letter is now quoted in its entirety,
apparently for the first time. The underlining is original:
Oct 23 1935
My dear Bean,
With reference to your letter of October 14th. asking for information.
I was inspecting this Air Force Unit
and found the medical orderly washing Richthofen's body so I made an
examination. There were only two bullet wounds, one of entry, one of
exit of a bullet that had evidently passed through the chest and the
heart. There was no wound of the head but there was
considerable bruising over the right jaw which may have been
fractured. The orderly told me that the consulting surgeon of the Army
had made a post-mortem in the morning and I asked how he did it as
there was no evidence. The orderly told me that the cons. surgeon used
a bit of fencing wire which he had pushed along the track of the wound
through over the heart. I used the same bit of wire for the same
purpose so you see the medical examination was not a thorough one and
not a post mortem exam in the ordinary sense of the term. The bullet
hole in the side of the plane coincided with the wound through the
chest and I am sure he was shot from below while
banking.
I sent a full report to General
Birdwood at Australian Corps and I have often wondered what became of
it.
With kind regards,
Yrs sincerely
George W. Barber
Colonel Barber enclosed a diagram of the
bullet wounds on the body with his letter. In this he clearly showed the
entrance wound in the left posterior axillary line at about the level of
the ninth rib, and drew a cross over the right chest, internal to the
nipple on the AP view. Under the diagram he wrote:
“Richthofen approximate sites of exit and entry of bullet. I forget
now which was which but think the site of entry was the one in the
back. G. W. B.”
(This diagram, however, is at slight
variance with the other medical reports, quoted above, as both agree
that the exit wound is external to the nipple. )
Barber’s letter clarifies the probe
used by Sinclair; a surgical probe is a rigid piece of metal with a
smooth rounded bulbous tip that is designed to avoid making false
passages in the tissues. A ‘piece of fence wire’ is flexible and has
a cut end, this would certainly not have been rounded and would have
been prone to catch in the tissues, particularly the light air filled
tissues of the lung. Barber’s letter, therefore, casts profound doubt
on the accuracy of Sinclair’s report. It would have been possible to
have used such a probe to examine the exit wound and determine that the
bullet track involved the heart, but it would have been quite impossible
to determine the track of the bullet to the vertebral column by using
such a probe from the entrance wound.
Other difficulties in Sinclair’s
report that the bullet was deflected by the vertebral column have been
carefully addressed by O’Dwyer in 1969 (8). Dwyer sought medical
opinions on the extreme difficulty in probing lung tissue. The elastic
lungs would collapse as soon as air enters the pleural cavity (the space
between the lungs and the chest wall), and it would be impossible for a
probe to detect any perforation of the lungs made by a bullet.
From a consideration of the above, one
is drawn to the conclusion that the fatal bullet must have passed
directly through the chest from its entry wound at the posterior
axillary line (the back of the armpit) at the level of the 9th rib (that
is at about five inches below the lower level of the outstretched arm).
As there is no real evidence that the bullet hit the vertebrae the most
probable trajectory of the bullet would have to be along a line joining
the entrance and exit wounds. Such a line indicates that the bullet was
fired from the side, behind and below the pilot’s body,
notwithstanding his position in the cockpit.
As the exit wound was about
three-quarters of an inch external to the left nipple this means that
the bullet would have passed through the heart and would have been
rapidly fatal. Von Richthofen would have lost consciousness within 20 to
30 seconds, and certainly could have not continued to fly his aeroplane
and fire on Lt. May for over a minute (9).
It is possible to correlate the
medical evidence with that of the eyewitnesses of the last flight.
Fortunately, as the events took place at low altitude, directly over the
Australian lines, the chase and crash were witnessed by many eye
witnesses.
EYEWITNESS REPORTS OF 21 APRIL
1918.
Bean's quoted reports are taken from official documents available in the
Bean Papers or are from correspondence with the protagonists. Titler
accepted many of Bean's quotations but also corresponded directly with
Gunner Buie and Carisella and Ryan also corresponded directly with many
of their witnesses.
There are several unpublished, or only
partly published documents, in the Bean Papers, these have either been
omitted or only partly quoted in Volume V of the Official History, and
the originals of these documents cast new light of the events of that
day. From the Bean Papers, and the Carisella accounts, it is now
possible to advance the following description of what actually happened.
There is no doubt that von Richthofen
followed a Sopwith Camel, flown by a relatively novice Canadian pilot,
Lt Wilfred May, down from a dogfight that occurred when two British
photographic reconnaissance R.E. 8 aircraft were attacked by von
Richthofen’s Jasta west of Hamel. Carisella and Ryan describe the
attack in detail quoting from a letter to the authors from Lieutenant
Banks, (10) the observer and gunner aboard the second R. E. 8. The
presence of the German triplanes was seen by a formation of eight
Sopwith Camels, led by Captain A Roy Brown, DSC, a Canadian flying with
the newly formed Royal Air Force.
Lieutenant May, who had been told by
Brown that he should observe any action, but should run for home if
attacked, was seen by von Richthofen and pursued. According to his
instructions May dived away and flew low over the Australian lines,
flying down the valley of the Somme, closely pursued by Richthofen.
Captain Brown saw the chase and dived from behind on von Richthofen’s
triplane at about 11 AM.
Brown's combat report, written after
his return to Bertangles airfield, is partly quoted in Bean but fully
quoted in Carisella and Ryan (11). According to them, Brown wrote:
At 10:35 A. M. I observed two Albatross
burst into flames and crash. Dived on large formation of fifteen to
twenty Albatross scouts D. V.’s and Fokker triplanes, two of which
got on my tail and I came out. Went back again and dived on pure red
triplane which was firing on Lt. May. I got a long burst into him and
he went down vertical and was observed to crash by Lieutenant Mellersh
and Lieutenant May. I fired on two more but did not get them.”
Carisella refers to a five part article
entitled “My Fight with Richthofen” which was published in the late
1920s and attributed to Brown. Brown was quoted as having said:
I was in a perfect position above and behind. ... neither plane, (Richthofen
or May) was aware of me ... I had dived until the red snout of my
Camel pointed fair at his tail. My thumbs pressed the triggers.
Bullets ripped into his elevator and tail planes. The flaming tracers
showed me where they hit. A little short! Gently I pulled back on the
stick. The nose of the Camel rose ever so slightly. Easy now, easy.
The stream of bullets tore along the body of the all-red tripe. Its
occupant turned and looked back. I had a flash of his eyes behind the
goggles. Then he crumpled - sagged In the cockpit ... Richthofen was
dead. The triplane staggered, wobbled, stalled, flung over on its nose
and went down. The reserve trenches of the Australian infantry was (sic)
not more than 200 feet below. It was a quick descent. May saw it. I
saw it as I swung over. And Mellersh saw it."
Carisella and Ryan are disparaging
about this article and stated that Brown was not the author. In fact
they stated that it was: “Dramatic copy but obviously so much humbug.
Brown was not a professional writer; the above report is written in the
colourful slick manner of the hackwriter of the period.”
There is a reference in the Bean
Papers to this article. Bean wrote to Brown in Canada on the 14 October,
1935 drawing attention to Richthofen flying for a considerable distance
and still firing at May, “according to an article in a newspaper, the
Chicago ‘Sunday Tribune’ of 22 April 1928".
Brown replied in a letter of 7
November 1935 that he had never read the account and wrote: “It is
impossible for me to state how accurate the article had been” and
referred Bean to the Official History of the RAF.
Although Bean had researched, and
corresponded, widely in preparing his appendix on Richthofen, there is
very little supportive evidence for Brown’s report in the Bean Papers.
Indeed there is only one witness who suggests that Captain Brown shot
down the red Fokker triplane, and even this is an indirect statement.
2nd Lt Mellor, RFC was quoted in the Melbourne Herald newspaper of 26
February 1930 and the clipping is in the Bean papers:
...Captain Brown seeing May’s predicament, followed the red Fokker
and closing up to a range of about 100 yards, fired a long burst from
both guns. I could see his tracer hitting the cockpit of the Fokker.
The German machine zoomed, banked steeply and obviously crippled
glided down to land between the Allied and German lines. He landed
under control so the machine was not damaged.... The Australian Lewis
gunners certainly hit the machine but their bullets hit about two
inches behind the pilot’s seat.”
The only reference to 2nd Lt Mellor in
the voluminous literature on the death of von Richthofen is a footnote
to Bean’s Official History (12) . Bean wrote:
A Lieutenant Mellor wrote to the Melbourne Herald on 26th February
1930, giving as an officer of No. 200 Squadron a similar account.
Efforts to confirm his account by reference to the Squadron’s
records in London have, however proved fruitless despite a search
kindly made by the authorities there.”
Lieutenant Mellersh, who was flying with
Brown, was a witness to the crash of the triplane but he did not see
Brown engage the Fokker. His account, printed in Titler, describes
Mellersh as having engine problems and “...I was forced to spindive to
the ground and return to our lines at about 50 feet. Whilst so returning
a bright red triplane crashed quite close to me and in looking up I saw
Captain Brown’s machine.”
Despite Brown’s statement that the
triplane crashed after he had fired on it, von Richthofen did continue
to follow May down the Somme valley at a low altitude. He appeared to be
completely absorbed in his chase and, as he came within range, he came
under fire from Australian anti-aircraft machine guns. In particular
there was a Vickers heavy machine gun, under the command of Sergeant
Cedric Popkin, which was situated about 1000 yards west of the village
of Vaux on the northern bank of the Somme River, and the 53rd and 54th
Batteries of Lewis guns, on anti-aircraft pole mountings, on the eastern
slope of a shallow hill about 1000 yards east of Bonnay.
As he came to the hill, Lieutenant
May, hugging the ground contours, rose to clear the rise and flew on in
a straight line after passing it. The red triplane, still following May,
also rose to clear the hill but then came under Lewis gun fire from the
53rd and 54th Batteries. It then performed an Immelman turn to return
back to the German lines. This aspect of the fight was observed by
Gunner George Ridgway, from Lang Lang in Victoria, who was on top of the
Heilly brick stack near the Bray-Corbie road and who had an excellent
view. Part of Ridgway’s statement is in Bean, (13) the full statement,
taken by the Lang Lang correspondent of the Melbourne Herald, after
being rejected by his newspaper editor, was sent to Bean. It is
available in the Bean Papers. The full text is as follows:
He states that he was about 200 feet from the ground. The first plane
passed to the right and rapidly began to climb. As soon as it was out
of danger the machine gunners opened out on the German. Von Richthofen,
he claims, came within 200 feet of the ground and to save himself he
swerved to the left and immediately banked at an angle of 75 degrees.
He was sitting upright in the cabin and could be seen plainly at the
controls. All this occurred within 100 yards of the Heilly chimney
stack.
The first plane having reached a
safe altitude, the German plane provided an excellent target for the
machine guns who were in a circle around him at Vaux-sur-Somme, Bonney
(sic) and Corbee (sic) and thousands of rounds were
fired at him, to use Gunner Ridgway's words, "A rain of death
bespattered him."
The plane seeking frantically to
escape only rose about 500 feet when it turned over to its left, and
crashed to the ground.“Gunner Ridgway, who still retains the number
plate of the machine was one of the first at the scene. On the number
plate are the words: “Militar Fluzzeug (sic) Fokker DR.
1525/17". (14) He is emphatic that the Baron was alive when he
banked after the other planes had gone . The nearest plane to him was
at least half a mile away. He states that there was plenty of evidence
to show that Captain Brown did not get him and hopes that the official
War History will be amended even at this late date.
A. W. Madge
Lang Lang correspondent.”
However, although an indirect
quotation, Ridgway’s reported statement is confirmed by Lieutenant G.
M. Travers MC who wrote a report that is partly quoted in Bean (15) and
is continued in the Bean Papers. Travers was observing near 11th Brigade
HQ when he heard planes approaching from the direction of 26 central,
and heard a Vickers gun firing from the ground. He wrote:
April 1918.
The first plane that came into view was one of our own, and less than
20 paces behind him was an enemy plane painted red. The red plane was
overhauling our plane fast and both were flying so low that they
almost crashed into trees at the top of the hill. Almost directly over
the spot where I was lying the enemy plane swerved to the right so
suddenly that it seemed almost to turn over. Our plane went straight
on, from that moment the enemy plane was quite out of control and did
a wild circle and dashed towards J.19.b.34 where it crashed. I went
over with other officers and had a look at the plane and also the
driver, who was dead, a machine gun bullet had passed from the left
side of his face and near bottom of jaw and came out just behind the
right eye (16)...The Vickers gun mentioned was the only gun firing at
the time the driver first lost control of his machine. I made
enquiries and found the gun was handled by No. 424 Sergt. Cedric
Basset Popkin, 24 Australian Machine Gun Company.
G. M. Travers Lieut
Company 52nd Bat AEF
Further confirmation that Ridgway’s
story is correct also came from Lieutenant J. A. Wiltshire, MC who wrote
a letter to Bean on 9 June 1934. This is only partly reproduced in Bean
and the relevant parts of the original letter (17) are as follows:
Dr C. E. W. Bean
Dear Sir,
In reference to Richthofen’s death. Standing on a ‘Farm Track’
close to the Mericourt, Corbie road about two kilos almost due south
of Heilly.
Looking east I saw a fight in
progress in the air. Three planes, two British and one German dived
out of the fight. The German on both their tails, (18) one British
plane dived out towards the Somme, the other with the German on his
tail, continued toward the ground out of my sight. Within minutes,
from the east, they appeared over the rise and flying about 40 feet
from the ground. Passed almost over head.
The British plane was flying up and
down the German flying to imitate and giving quick bursts with his
gun. The German pilot seemed to crouch forward as he gave each burst.
The British plane had apparently no tail gun as he did not reply.
The British plane steeplechased a
group of trees and swooped down over the Ancre and continued his
course between Bonnay and Heilly to the rear lifting over the trees
the German plane gave up the chase and banking to his left
straightened his plane toward his line and commenced to climb. He now
came under machine gun fire from the ground. His plane would be just
about overhead of the artillery. The plane seemed to steady and then
headed slowly for the ground. Landing on the Somme side of the high
ground...”
Sergeant Popkin’s Vickers gun
position was situated at the foot of the hill at Bonnay, one kilometre
to the south-east of the Lewis gun battery manned by Gunners Buie and
Evans, and just to the south of the German triplane’s flight path.
Popkin was ideally situated to fire on von Richthofen when he turned to
the right away from the fire of the Lewis gun battery on the hill.
Popkin wrote a letter to Bean (19) on
the 16 October 1935:
The planes would be travelling in a North East direction straight
towards my gun position. I opened fire immediately the British plane
left my gun sights and followed the fritz around. He would be perhaps
100 to 120 yards in front of me when I opened fire and about 200 to
400 feet in the air. He would be below the top of the ridge which is
about 500 to 600 feet high. I opened fire the second time at the peak
of his turn marked X. I dont think that I was firing so long the
second time as the first. I would be firing at him the second time
while he was travelling the line between the two crosses (20).
I would be firing about half to
three-quarters a minute each time.
I reached the plane just when they
were about to place a guard on it.
A chap named Marshall my No. 3 on
the gun at the time who was afterwards killed got a bullet off
Richthofen’s body which had just penetrated his clothes and half
sticking in his skin right on his belt line.
Yours faithfully
C B Popkin
From Popkin’s letter it is apparent
that Popkin missed when he first opened fire. The German triplane was
heading towards him when this happened. He then fired for the second
time and was firing as the pilot of the triplane was going away from him
whilst banking. This is quite consistent with Popkin firing a bullet
that entered von Richthofen’s body at the ninth rib in the posterior
axillary line. The angle of Popkin’s fire was quite consistent with
the trajectory of the bullet that killed von Richthofen, that is to say
it was in a line from behind the midline of the pilot’s trunk and from
below,
Further confirmation of Popkin’s
letter is available from a letter from Popkin’s commanding officer,
Captain F R Watts, in the Bean Papers:
19 11 29.
Sergeant Popkin allowed the British plane to pass and then fired at
Richthofen who made a right swing and then came back to the gun and
this time at a lower height when Popkin fired about 200 rounds at him
and Richthofen swung round to the right and just managed to clear the
ridge and crashed. I can assure you that there was no-one else had a
chance to bring him down because there was no other guns close enough
except mine.”
GUNNER BUIE’S CLAIM
Dale Titler wrote his book to support the claim of Gunner Buie that it
was he who shot down Richthofen with his Lewis gun as the triplane
approached the eastern slope of the shallow hill about 1000 yards east
of Bonnay. Titler has quoted a statement attributed to Buie (21) as
follows:
We were free to fire at any time without command, but as the planes
neared us barely 50 feet off the brow of the ridge I was prevented
from firing immediately as the two machines were almost in line, with
Lt. May's plane blocking my line of fire.
Major Beavis and Lieutenant Doyle
were on my right and left respectively, near Evan’s gun position,
about 30 yards away. Lieutenant Ellis, on slightly lower ground at my
centre, observed the oncoming planes from the flank and shouted,
‘Fire on that plane, Buie!’ But I still could not, owing to
Lieutenant May's position.
I was swivelling my gun to follow
the red machine, and Snowy Evans, manning the other gun on the
opposite flank, got first clearance. He opened up at a range of
slightly more than 300 yards. The triplane flew steadily on, still
firing short bursts at the Camel it was now barely 20 yards behind and
10 feet above May. Very close indeed. I was at the ready with my
finger on the trigger, waiting the clearance.
It came.
I can still remember seeing
Richthofen clearly. His helmet covered most of his head and face and
he was hunched in the cockpit aiming over his guns at the lead plane.
It seemed that with every burst he leaned forward in the cockpit as
though concentrating very intently on his fire. Certainly he was not
aware of his dangerous position or of the close range of our guns. His
position was much as a strafing attack would appear, and had he not
been so intent upon shooting down Lieutenant May, he could easily have
manoeuvred his machine and fired upon us, had he been so inclined.
Richthofen and his men frequently strafed our trenches to the east.
At 200 yards, with my peep sight
directly on Richthofen's body I began firing with steady bursts. His
plane was bearing frontal and just a little to the right of me and
after 20 rounds I knew that the bullets were striking the right side
and front of the machine, for I clearly saw fragments flying.
Still Richthofen came on firing at
Lieutenant May with both guns blazing. Then just before my last shots
finished at a range of 40 yards Richthofen's guns stopped abruptly.
The thought flashed through my mind —I've hit him! — and
immediately I noticed a sharp change in engine sound (22) as the red
triplane passed over our gun position at less than 50 feet and still a
little to my right. It slackened speed considerably and the propeller
slowed down although the machine still appeared to be under control.
Then it veered a bit to the right and then back to the left and lost
height gradually coming down near an abandoned brick kiln 400 yards
away on the Bray-Corbie road.
I looked to my gun. It was empty. I
had fired a full pannier....
Buie also commented on the bullet wounds
sustained by Richthofen:
A guard was placed over the body and
after awhile it was brought to our position. Major Beavis claimed the
body for the 53rd and it was placed on a nearby stretcher. There I saw
it. In the crash Richthofen's face was thrown against the gun butts
and suffered minor injuries. Blood had come from his mouth which
indicated at first glance that a fatal bullet had pierced a lung.
According to the popular version,
death came from a single bullet which had entered his back and passed
forward through the chest.
This was not true.
Richthofen was struck in the left
breast, abdomen and right knee. (23) I examined these wounds as his
body lay on the stretcher. His fur-lined boots were missing, as were
his helmet and goggles and other personal effects, these having been
taken before his body arrived at the battery. He was wearing silk
pajamas under his flying clothes.
The wounds were all frontal. Their
entrances were small and clean and the exit points were slightly
larger and irregular in the back. Later, Colonel Barber of the
Australian Corps and Colonel Sinclair of the Fourth Army, both medical
officers, made separate examinations of the body and their reports
agreed that the chest wound was definitely caused by ground fire. (24)
Interestingly there is also a very
similar statement, also said to be told to Titler by Buie, published in
a magazine in 1959. (25) However this differs from the statement
published in Titler’s book in minor, but appreciable, detail. Although
it was stated by Titler, in both publications, that this was Buie’s
story, as told to him, the variation in the text of the two versions
suggests that Buie’s story was not published verbatim but was, at
least, edited by Titler.
CONCLUSIONS
Who shot Baron Manfred von Richthofen? There can only be four possible
answers.
1. Richthofen was shot by Captain
Brown.
The postmortem examinations revealed entrance and exit wounds from a
bullet which must have entered the body from the right, from the side,
from behind and from below the body as it was sitting in the cockpit.
Such a track means that the bullet would have passed through
Richthofen’s heart. Although Captain Brown did approach from
Richthofen’s right, it is difficult to see how, firing as he did from
above, he could have inflicted such a wound unless Richthofen was
steeply banking his triplane at the time that he was shot. For what it
is worth, the newspaper article in the Chicago ‘Sunday Tribune’,
attributed to Captain Brown, did not mention such a bank. In this
article Brown referred to Richthofen looking back at him when Brown
fired at him and a steep bank therefore seems most unlikely.
Be that as it may, there is ample
evidence from eye witnesses that Richthofen continued to pursue
Lieutenant May along the Somme valley for about a minute, firing his gun
and concentrating on his target. This would have been impossible if
Richthofen had been shot through the heart by Brown.
- 2. He was shot by Gunner Robert
Buie.
Again the track of the bullet makes it very unlikely that Buie could
have shot Richthofen. From the statement attributed to Buie by
Titler, Buie was firing when the triplane: “was bearing frontal
and just a little to the right of me” and he could not have
inflicted the wound that entered the body from behind. Buie stated: ‘Still
Richthofen came on firing at Lieutenant May with both guns blazing.
Then just before my last shots finished at a range of 40 yards
Richthofen's guns stopped abruptly...” Therefore at no time
did Buie fire at Richthofen from behind.
- 3. He was shot by Sergeant Popkin.
Bean and Carisella both came to this conclusion and this is
supported by abundant eye witness evidence and by the track of the
bullet Popkin first fired when Richthofen was approaching him from
the Somme valley but he failed to stop Richthofen. After coming
under fire from Buie and Gunner Evans, at the Lewis gun emplacement,
the German aeroplane turned away from the gunfire and it was then,
when the triplane was flying away from Popkin, that he opened fire
with his Vickers gun for the second time. (26) Popkin continued to
fire while the triplane completed the turn, and actually flew
towards the Vickers gun, but there is no doubt that Popkin could
have inflicted a bullet wound that entered Richthofen from below,
from the side and slightly behind, just as was found at the
postmortem examination. Neither Captain Brown nor Gunner Buie could
have inflicted such a wound and it is therefore more probable than
not that it was indeed Popkin who fired the fatal shot.
I say “more probable than not”
because it is impossible to exclude the fourth possibility.
- 4. Richthofen was shot by an
unknown Australian soldier who fired his rifle at the triplane as it
flew over him and who scored a lucky hit.
This can never be disproved as the .303 rifle bullet was used by the
Lee-Enfield Service rifle as well as the Lewis gun and the Vickers
machine gun.
All that we can be sure of is that
the entry and exit wounds on von Richthofen’s body meant that the
bullet passed through the heart, or great vessels, and he could not
have remained conscious for more than about thirty seconds after
being hit. The fatal bullet had therefore to have been fired at von
Richthofen at the end of the pursuit and this is likely to have been
at the time when the triplane was observed to turn away from the
hill where the Lewis gun batteries were situated.
SUMMARY
The Official post mortem examination report is, in all probability,
flawed and it is most likely that the bullet track was along a line
joining the entrance and exit wounds. In other words the bullet came
from behind, below and lateral to von Richthofen. There is little
doubt that the bullet penetrated his heart and was fatal. Neither
Captain Brown nor Gunner Buie could have inflicted such a wound.
The only known gunner that could
have done so was Sergeant Popkin when he opened fire for the second
time when Richthofen was turning away from him. Richthofen then lost
control of his aeroplane and crashed, he was dead when his aeroplane
hit the ground.
From the evidence of the
postmortem examination and from eyewitnesses it was therefore most
probably Sergeant Popkin who fired the fatal shot, although a lucky
shot from an unknown soldier firing his rifle can not be excluded.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
I must thank all those who gave me advice and support in writing
this article and in particular I must make special mention of Mr
Bill Bacon Jr of Canyon, Texas, USA, who not only gave invaluable
advice but also made available photostats of many of the articles
referred to in the text and even sent me his copy of Carisella &
Ryan.
I also thank the Australian War
Memorial for permission to publish the original documents in the
Bean Papers and the staff of the research section of the Australian
War Memorial who were so helpful in making these available to me on
the one day that I could be there.
NOTES and REFERENCES
1. C. E. W. Bean, Official History of Australia in the War of
1914 - 1918 Angus & Robertson, Vol. V. 1935, Appendix No. 4,
’The death of Richthofen’
2. Philip Markham, “The Events of 21 April, 1918", Over
the Front; Vol. 8, Number 2, 1993, pp. 123 - 137.
3. Dale M. Titler, The Day the Red Baron Died. Ian Allan ,
London, 1973.
4. P. J. Carisella and James W. Ryan, Who Killed the Red Baron,
Paperback Edition, Avon Books, New York, 1979; originally published
by Daedalus Publishing Company, 1969.
5. Australian War Memorial Archives; AWM 38 30RL, 606 Item 270 (1).
Richthofen Papers.
6. Dennis Newton, “The Spectre of the Red Baron, Part 2”, Journal
of the Australian War Memorial; No. 9, 1986, p. 47.
7. Bean, ibid: p. 699.
8. William J. O’Dwyer, “Post-Mortem: Richthofen”, Cross
& Cockade Journal; Vol 10, No. 4, Winter 1969. P. 289.
9. It is worth mentioning that, even though there is no evidence
that the bullet was deflected by the vertebral column as stated by
Dr Sinclair, if that event had happened the bullet would still have
passed through the heart or great vessels and consciousness would
still have been lost in 20 to 30 seconds. The difference between the
opinions on the bullet’s track relates to the angle that the
bullet made to the axis of the body, rather than the severity of the
wound.
10. Carisella & Ryan, ibid; p. 77.
11. Carisella & Ryan, ibid. pp. 122 and 123.
12. Bean, ibid; p. 694.
13. Bean, ibid; p. 694
14. There was a hand written notation in the margin: “Note to
Dr Bean that this was the number of the plane Richthofen was flying
when he brought down his 79th and 80th victories.”
15. Bean, ibid; p. 696.
16. This statement about von Richthofen’s head wound was not
confirmed by any of the doctors who examined the body. The
postmortem injuries to von Richthofen’s face, caused by the gun
sights, may have been mistakenly attributed by Travers to a gunshot
wound.
17. Bean Papers.
18. This is incorrect, the red German triplane was chasing Lt May
and was attacked by Captain Brown who dived on von Richthofen’s
tail.
19. Bean Papers.
20. The reference to the X and the two crosses applies to a sketch
map that Popkin attached to his letter. Unfortunately It was not
possible to reproduce this sketch as photostat reproductions were
not permitted by the Australian War Memorial Archives section;
however the sketch indicated that Popkin opened fire as Richthofen
was flying away from him at the beginning of Richthofen’s turn and
continued firing as von Richthofen continued to turn and came
towards Popkin. He then stopped firing and the triplane then
crashed.
21. Titler, ibid.; pp. 229-230.
22. The change in sound of the triplane’s engine may have been a
Doppler effect causing a change in pitch as the aeroplane passed
over.
23. This was not confirmed by the postmortem medical examinations
24. Only Dr Barber made such a statement.
25. Robert Buie, as told to Dale Titler, “I Killed Richthofen!”,
The Cavalier Magazine; December 1959.
26. Popkin’s letter to Bean in the Bean Papers.
Created: Sunday, August 09, 1998, 12:42 Last
Updated: Sunday, August 09, 1998, 12:42
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